Further investigation revealed that HEL-299 does not contain the required ACE2 receptor to enable propagation of both HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV-2. HEL-299 was found to be permissive to HCoV-229E, -OC43 and MERS-CoV-GFP but not to HCoV-NL63 or SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we show that poly inosinic: poly cytidylic acid (pIC), when conjugated to a phytoglycogen nanoparticle (pIC+NDX) is able to protect IFN-competent human lung fibroblasts (HEL-299 cells) from infection with different HCoV species. Additionally, the number of IFN competent cell lines that can be used to study coronaviruses in vitro are limited. While the ability of type I interferons (IFNs) to limit coronavirus replication has been established, the ability of double-stranded (ds)RNA, a potent IFN inducer, to inhibit coronavirus replication when conjugated to a nanoparticle is largely unexplored. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are important human pathogens, as exemplified by the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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